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魯迅曾說，一本《紅樓夢》，“經學家看見《易》，道學家看見淫，才子看見纏綿，革命家看見排滿，流言家看見宮闈秘事”。可謂“橫看成嶺側成峰，遠近高低各不同”。從不同的角度去看曆史，同樣會有不同的收獲。從政治的角度看來是失敗，但是從學術的角度興許又是成功；從小處看是進步，從大處看又是倒退。如此看曆史，看到的是另一番景象。
通史，打通曆史的主脈
1961年，錢穆應香港一個學術機構的邀請，前去講解曆史研究的方法。這時的錢穆已經離開內地十二載，他在香港成立新亞書院，並獲得香港政府的嘉獎，被推為國史研究的權威。在錢穆開講曆史研究方法之前，他首先提出了一個問題：為何要研究中國史？
錢穆對此的回答是，“中國人當知道些中國史”。中國史講的中國人的本原和來曆，我們知道了中國史，才算知道了中國人，知道了中國人的真實性與可能性、特異性與優良性。我們也可以說，知道了中國史才算知道了我們自己。譬如認識一位朋友，不能單在他的高矮胖瘦上去認識，還該知道一些他以往的曆史，如姓名、籍貫、學曆、性情、才幹等，才算是知道認識了這個朋友。我們不僅要認識我們的以往，還要認識我們的將來。若非研究曆史，這些都無從知曉。
“中國人當知道些中國史”，這個觀點錢穆很早便在他的《國史大綱》前言中提到過。如何知道中國幾千年的曆史呢？錢穆提出了三種方法。
一是由上而下、從古到今，按照時代先後來作通體的研究。學習需要有一個起點，由此達彼，學習曆史亦然。“例如這講台上有茶杯，我知道它是茶杯，同時即知道旁的東西非茶杯。我雖未知此許多東西是何物，但起碼已知道了它決不是一茶杯。”如果讀了《左傳》，明白了春秋時代是怎麼回事，再讀戰國史時，就能明白戰國與春秋的不同。一般學曆史者，都是從古到今、從先而後地順次讀下來，但“一部二十四史，不知從何說起”，幾乎所有的曆史典籍都可以作為曆史材料來讀，這樣的學習方法需要花大工夫。
另一種研究曆史的途徑，就是自下溯上，自今到古，由現代逆追到古代去。這也就是從現在生活的任何一方麵開始，無論是政治的、社會的、經濟的、學術思想的，循序上推，尋根究底研究。例如我們今天的國家地理疆域，是如何演變而來的，曆代往上查找，最後可以找到中華文化的發祥地，以及曆史上周圍各區域的歸屬問題。
還有一種比較靈活的研究曆史的途徑，就是依照自己的興趣，以作為研究曆史的肇端。例如聽人談到宋史，說起王安石變法與司馬光反對新法，忽然引起興趣，便不妨從此一處起，來學習宋史。從這裏能有所體悟，欲罷不能，便延伸到其他處去，慢慢了解到整個宋代的曆史，最後愈推愈遠。比如受了某一師友的影響，或偶然讀到一本新書，而得了某一項啟示，因而引起了研究曆史的興趣和動機，也盡從此入手。漢武帝、曹操是我們耳熟能詳的曆史人物，但我們不能隻知道一個是紅麵、一個是黑麵，要能從容不迫，沉潛深入，漸漸能窮原竟委，鞭辟入裏。